Attitudes of Teachers toward Multilingualism, Heritage Language Maintenance, and Second Language Learning at School.

INTRODUCTION: Providing an adapted language input in a multicultural classroom is often challenging to educators. Teachers are frequently the parents' first contacts for language counseling and educational support, and therefore, they may influence the language exposure not only in the classroom but at home as well. This study aimed to investigate the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes of teachers toward multilingualism in Flanders. The effects of contextual teacher- and school-related properties on the attitudes of teachers were also considered. METHODS: An online survey questioning the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral attitudes of teachers was developed and distributed to all schools in Flanders. 710 preschool, primary, and secondary teachers completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: The results showed rather positive attitudes toward heritage language maintenance and multilingualism. However, there are still some misconceptions about multilingual language learning strategies. Teachers are interested in extra training, as they find it hard to use the languages of their pupils as a resource in their teaching practice. DISCUSSION: Teachers mostly consider multilingualism an added value. Supplementary training and extra advice given by speech-language therapists could be helpful to inform teachers about the importance of their students' proficiency in the heritage language and could give teachers insight into the principles of second language acquisition.

French preschool and primary teachers' attitude towards finger counting.

Teachers' beliefs and attitudes are known to guide the type of activities they implement in their classrooms. A traditional conception that finger counting is merely a back-up when children fail to use more sophisticated and efficient strategies could therefore prevent teachers from encouraging children's use of fingers in arithmetic tasks. However, the potential benefit of finger counting for young learners has been recently documented and setting aside its practice within classrooms may hinder children's mathematical skill development. It is therefore important to establish whether there is a discrepancy between teacher's beliefs regarding finger counting and the latest discoveries in this field of research. To this aim, we interrogated 413 teachers from preschool to Grade 5. We found that, despite being generally positive towards finger counting, teachers think that finger counting is typical of children who present math difficulties or lack of confidence, even during the first years of learning. These results are discussed considering what is known and what remains to be determined in the current scientific literature.

The Influence of Cultural Snapshots on Pre-service Teachers' Attitudes Towards Death Education.

Cultural snapshots may be a didactic resource that promotes the understanding of death and provides teachers with tools that can be used to work with students. This study aims to analyse pre-service teachers' attitudes towards death education. A quantitative longitudinal panel design with pre-test and post-test measures was applied, with descriptive, inferential, and predictive approaches. The sample consisted of 161 pre-service primary teachers from a Spanish university who responded to the validated questionnaire "Death Education Attitudes Scale-Teachers" (DEAS-T). The results reveal an improvement in their attitudes towards death education after implementing cultural snapshots in class, producing significant differences between the pre-test and post-test according to gender, in favour of the male participants. The variables of death anxiety and adequate training are relevant for predicting the attitudes of both genders, in addition to the motivation variable in male participants and the variable of interest towards the topic in female participants.

Challenging but positive! - An exploration into teacher attitude profiles towards differentiated instruction (DI) in Germany.

BACKGROUND: Research has highlighted that personal characteristics such as teachers' attitudes play an important role in the implementation of inclusive education. However, there are only a few studies that have shed empirical evidence on the relationship of attitudes and inclusive teaching approaches, such as differentiated instruction. In this vein, the present study tackles this research gap and aims to explore teachers' attitudes specifically towards the inclusive practice of DI in Germany. AIMS: The present study aimed to investigate teacher profiles based on their attitudes towards differentiated instruction, as well as further to explore whether teachers differentiated instructional implementation varies between the teacher profiles. SAMPLE: The sample consists of 450 teachers (Mage  = 42.89, SD = 10.48, 65% female), from different school tracks in Germany. METHODS: A two-step cluster analysis was performed in order to identify teacher attitude profiles concerning their implementation of differentiated instruction. Moreover, an analysis of variance was conducted in order to identify variations in terms of the implementation of differentiated instruction across the three clusters. RESULTS: Results from the cluster analyses indicate three distinct teacher attitude profiles: Cluster 1 'The valuing-teacher', Cluster 2 'The non-valuing-teacher' and Cluster 3 'The challenged-but-valuing-teacher'. Moreover, the findings reveal gender and school track differences between the three teacher attitude profiles. Lastly, an analysis of variance indicated that teachers' differentiated instruction practice varied significantly across the clusters. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from the present study indicate that teachers not only perceive the value of DI but also the insufficient resources. Thus, it can be assumed that teachers identify both the 'positive' and the 'negative' aspect of DI, and more importantly, they can recognize both attitude domains towards DI in a similar or different level. Consequently, the results show that attitudes in the context of inclusion cannot be characterised as continuum with two distinct poles.

Do Ethics and Values Play a Role in Virtual Education? A Study on the Perception of Students and Teachers.

Learning in virtual environments is an ethical experience. This research aimed to understand the ethical experience of a virtual learning environment from the perspective of university students and their teachers. The participants were 205 higher education students from different Spanish-speaking countries (Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, Ecuador, and Spain) and 30 teachers who acted as tutors in virtual education. The study used a design-based research method and quantitative instruments for the collection of empirical data. The data analysis showed that students and teachers perceive responsibility, commitment, and respect as values inherent to virtual education, and may have a moderately different ethical experience based on these values. With this research, we intend to contribute to a better understanding of the coexistence of human beings in virtual learning environments. We argue that it is necessary to question or rethink the pedagogical paradigms that guide virtual education, endowing them with humanity, and recognizing their ethical dimension as funda-mental. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10805-022-09459-z.

Teachers' attitudes to cultural diversity: Results from a qualitative study in Russia and Taiwan.

This study examined elementary school teachers' attitudes toward immigrant students and their families in Russia and Taiwan. Qualitative methodology was used for data collection. Teachers' attitudes and conceptual orientations toward cultural diversity in the classroom were identified. Teachers' attitudes were categorized into three groups: Attitudes toward children, parents, and diverse ethnic groups. The study found that country-specific attitudes were similar. Both countries prioritize cognition. The Russian teacher may not acknowledge cultural variance (personal attitude) and hold all students to the same standards (professional attitude). Prior experiences have made the Taiwanese instructor more accepting of cultural variety. Teachers of immigrant children often tackle language concerns. Some instructors are less welcoming of immigrants at home. Educators judge immigrants depending on their natal country. These impressions may encourage prejudice, some say. Many teachers dislike minority students. Negative attitudes concerning student achievement lead to low expectations. Instructors use more tolerant approaches with more multicultural engagement.

The role of teachers' commitment to implement in delivering evidence-based social-emotional learning programs.

Although there are reasons to believe that teachers' commitment to learn and enact an evidence-based program (i.e., their commitment to implement) predicts their implementation fidelity, there is surprisingly little quantitative research testing this relationship. Using a national large-scale evaluation of three preschool social-emotional interventions, this study investigated how strongly teachers' commitment predicted implementation fidelity and whether commitment was a meaningful predictor of fidelity as compared to other individual factors (i.e., teacher stress at baseline) and contextual factors (i.e., collegial supports, classroom behavioral problems, and classroom quality at baseline). We surveyed 230 preschool teachers in their first year of implementing the interventions; data sources include surveys from teachers and 52 intervention coaches as well as classroom observational data. We found that teachers' baseline commitment consistently predicted implementation fidelity across time and that commitment predicted unique variation in fidelity after accounting for other individual and contextual factors. In addition, implementation fidelity had a moderate positive relationship with teachers' baseline classroom quality and a small negative association with baseline classroom behavior problems. Findings are discussed with respect to implementation science in education.

Perceived Teacher Responses to Bullying Influence Students' Social Cognitions.

Teachers' responses to bullying incidents are key in bullying intervention at school. Scholars have suggested that teacher responses can predict student cognitions that are associated with their bullying behaviors. However, little is known about whether and how teacher responses affect these cognitions. Therefore, the current study investigated the effects of four immediate teacher responses on four bullying-related student cognitions, using an experimental vignette design. Additionally, it was examined whether students' own participant role behaviors in actual bullying moderated these effects. The investigated teacher responses were non-response, comforting the victim, correcting the bully, and a combination of comforting the victim and correcting the bully. The investigated student cognitions were perceived teacher attitudes toward bullying, perceived teacher moral disengagement regarding bullying, student willingness to report bullying to the teacher and student expectations regarding bullying participant role behaviors in the classroom. Fourth-to-sixth grade students (N = 910; 47% boys; M age = 11.04 years, SD = 0.91) read a vignette describing a hypothetical teacher's response to a same bullying incident, following random assignment to one of eight conditions (i.e., four teacher responses × two genders of bully and victim in the vignette). Afterward, students completed questionnaires about their social cognitions and manipulation checks. ANOVA demonstrated that students perceived stronger teacher anti-bullying attitudes and less teacher moral disengagement when the hypothetical teacher displayed an active response. These effects were even stronger when the teacher corrected the bully compared to when only the victim was comforted. Further, students were more willing to report bullying when the teacher corrected the bully than when the teacher only comforted the victim. Finally, students expected less pro-bullying behaviors, more defending and less victimization in the vignette's classroom following active teacher response compared to non-response. The effects of teacher responses on student cognitions were not moderated by students' own participant roles in bullying. Taken together, these findings emphasize the importance of active teacher responses to bullying, and especially, responses that clearly show that bullying is not tolerated. Teachers are encouraged to be aware that students can deduce beliefs from teacher responses which can, in turn, affect bullying processes in the classroom.

Desenvolvimento e evidências de validade da Escala de Percepção das Práticas Docentes / Development and validity evidence of the Teaching Practice Perception Scale / Desarrollo y evidencias de validez de la Escala de Percepción de la Práctica Docente

Práticas docentes personalizadas podem melhorar o desempenho escolar de estudantes. No entanto, não encontramos instrumentos específicos para avaliar estas práticas no contexto brasileiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi construir e apresentar evidências de validade da Escala de Percepção das Práticas Docentes (EPPD). Foram elaborados 25 itens avaliados por 11 juízes. A escala resultante com 17 itens foi aplicada a 477 professores, via formulário online. As análises fatoriais identificaram duas dimensões: Grupo (α = 0,79) reflete as práticas docentes dirigidas à turma; Personalização (α = 0,88) refere-se as práticas docentes dirigidas ao estudante individualmente, que explicaram 48,6% da variância. Os docentes apresentaram mais práticas para o grupo do que personalizadas. A EPPD apresentou evidências de validade e confiabilidade de conteúdo, face e construto e é uma ferramenta potencialmente útil para avaliar as práticas docentes voltadas para o grupo e para estudantes individualmente.

Personalized teaching practices can improve students' school performance. However, specific instruments to evaluate these practices in the Brazilian context couldn't be found. The main goal of this study was to construct and present validity evidence for the Teaching Practice Perception Scale (TPPS). Twenty-five items were crated and evaluated by 11 judges. The resulting 17-item scale was applied to 477 teachers via online form. Factorial analyzes identified two dimensions: 'Group' (α = .0,79) reflects group-oriented teaching practices; 'Personalization' (α = 0,88) refers to individual-oriented teaching practices, which explained 48,6% of the total variance. Teachers presented more group than individual-oriented practices. The TPPS presented evidences of content, face and construct validity and reliability, and is a potentially useful tool for assessing group and individual-oriented teaching practices.

Prácticas docentes personalizadas pueden mejorar el rendimiento escolar estudiantil. Sin embargo, no existen instrumentos específicos para evaluar estas prácticas en el contexto brasileño. El objetivo en este estudio fue desarrollar la Escala de Percepción de la Práctica Docente (EPPD) y mostrar datos sobre su validez. Fueron construidos 25 ítems que después fueron evaluados por 11 jueces. La escala resultante de 17 ítems fue aplicada a 477 maestros a través de un formulario digital. El Análisis Factorial indicó dos dimensiones: 'Grupo' (α = .79) refleja las prácticas de enseñanza dirigidas a toda la clase; 'personalización' (α = .88) se refiere a las prácticas de enseñanza dirigidas al alumno individual, que explican el 48,6% de la varianza total. Los maestros mostraron más prácticas orientadas al grupo que al estudiante individual. La EPPD tiene confiabilidad y validez de contenido, aparente y de constructo, y es una herramienta potencialmente útil para evaluar las prácticas de enseñanza para grupos de estudiantes e individual.

Telling adults about one's plight as a victim of bullying: Student- and context-related factors predicting disclosure.

We examined student- and context-related factors related to whether bullied students tell adults about their plight at school or at home. The sample included 1,266 students in primary (Grades 4-6) and lower secondary (Grades 8-9) schools, who had answered an online questionnaire at two measurement points about 5 months apart and were identified as victims of bullying on the basis of the latter. Only 55.4% of the bullied students had told their situation to someone, and much fewer had told an adult. Telling an adult at home was more common (34.0%) than telling a teacher (20.6%) or some other adult at school (12.7%). In a longitudinal structural equation model (SEM), factors related to increased likelihood of telling an adult were female gender, lower grade level, the chronicity of victimization, perceived negative teacher attitude towards bullying (teacher not tolerating bullying), and perceived peer support for victims (classmates' tendency to defend students who are victimized).

Teacher beliefs about the aetiology of individual differences in cognitive ability, and the relevance of behavioural genetics to education.

BACKGROUND: Despite a large body of research that has explored the influence of genetic and environmental factors on educationally relevant traits, few studies have explored teachers' beliefs about, or knowledge of, developments in behavioural genetics related to education. AIMS: This study aimed to describe the beliefs and knowledge of UK teachers about behavioural genetics and its relevance to education, and to test for differences between groups of teachers based on factors including years of experience and age of children taught. SAMPLE: Data were gathered from n = 402 teachers from a representative sample of UK schools. Teachers from primary and secondary schools, and from across the state and independent sectors, were recruited. METHODS: An online questionnaire was used to gather demographic data (gender, age, years of experience, age of children taught, and state vs. independent) and also data on beliefs about the relative influence of nature and nurture on cognitive ability; knowledge of behavioural genetics; openness to genetic research in education; and mindset. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, correlations, and multiple regression. RESULTS: Teachers perceived genetic and environmental factors as equally important influences on cognitive ability and tended towards a growth mindset. Knowledge about behavioural genetics was low, but openness to learning more about genetics was high. Statistically significant differences were observed between groups based on age of children taught (openness higher among primary teachers) and state versus independent (more growth-minded in state sector). CONCLUSIONS: Although teachers have a limited knowledge of behavioural genetics, they are keen to learn more.

Social Interactions between Teachers and Students: A Study Addressing Associations and Predictions / Interações Sociais entre Professores e Alunos: Um Estudo de Associações e Predições / Interacciones Sociales entre Profesores y Alumnos: Un Estudio de Asociaciones y Predicciones

Abstract Interactions between teachers and students impact children's academic and social learning. This study's objective was to identify associations and predictions between variables concerning social educational skills, negative educational practices, behavior problems and the social skills of students differentiated by schooling, clinical indicators of behavior problems, and gender. A total of 283 children and their teachers from the public schools participated in the study, who answered questionnaires and participated in a semi-structured interview. Correlation and regression statistical analysis were performed. All the groups presented positive correlations between social educational skills, children's social skills, negative educational practices, and behavior problems. Behavior problems and social skills presented predictive values among preschoolers. The aforementioned variables, together with positive and negative educational practices, presented predictive values among school children. The conclusion is that teachers can be a protective factor for children's development, but this requires planning.

Resumo Interações entre professores e alunos produzem impactos nas aprendizagens acadêmica e social das crianças. Este estudo objetivou identificar associações e predições entre variáveis de habilidades sociais educativas, práticas educativas negativas, problemas de comportamentos e habilidades sociais infantis de alunos diferenciados pela escolaridade, indicadores clínicos de problemas de comportamento e sexo. Participaram do estudo 283 crianças da rede pública de ensino e seus professores que responderam a questionários e participaram de entrevista semiestruturada. Conduziram-se análises estatísticas de correlação e regressão. Em todos os grupos houve correlações positivas entre habilidades sociais educativas e infantis e práticas educativas negativas e problemas de comportamento. Para pré-escolares, as queixas de problemas e as habilidades sociais apresentaram valores preditivos. Para escolares, as variáveis supracitadas, somadas às práticas educativas positivas e negativas, indicaram valores preditivos. Conclui-se que professores podem atuar como fator protetivo ao desenvolvimento infantil, o que requer planejamento.

Resumen Interacciones entre profesores y alumnos producen impactos en los aprendizajes académicos y sociales de los niños. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar asociaciones y predicciones entre variables de habilidades sociales educativas, prácticas educativas negativas, problemas conductuales y habilidades sociales infantiles, de alumnos diferenciados por la escolaridad, indicadores clínicos de problemas conductuales y sexo. Participaron del estudio 283 niños y sus profesores, de la red pública de enseñanza, que contestaron cuestionarios y participaron de entrevista semiestructurada. Se llevaron a cabo análisis estadísticos de correlación y regresión. En todos los grupos, fueron encontradas correlaciones positivas entre habilidades sociales educativas y infantiles y prácticas educativas negativas y problemas conductuales. Para preescolares, las quejas de problemas y las habilidades sociales presentaron valores predictivos. Para escolares, estas variables, sumadas a las prácticas educativas positivas y negativas, indicaron valores predictivos. Se concluye que profesores pueden actuar como factor protector al desarrollo, lo que demanda planeamiento.

La práctica educativa en la escuela formadora de maestros de la Universidad de los Llanos / The educational practice at the teachers training school in the University of Llanos / A prática educativa na escola formadora de professores da Universidade dos Llanos

Resumen El artículo aborda reflexiones sobre los resultados de la primera fase de la investigación realizada en la Universidad de los Llanos (2015-2016), con profesores formados en pedagogía y en otras disciplinas, que prestan servicios en los programas de Licenciatura. Metodológicamente, se soportó en la narrativa autobiográfica como construcción personal y como interpretación en la cultura, con lo cual se generaron condiciones que llevaron a la consolidación de un relato de la experiencia académica de cada participante, y desde ahí fue posible identificar los elementos que validan sus prácticas educativas y que se precisan en rasgos distintivos tales como vocación, reflexión, sentido común, sentido de la enseñanza y complicación.

Abstract This paper addresses some reflections regarding the results of the first stage of the research carried out at the University of Llanos (2015-2016), with well-trained teachers in pedagogy and in other disciplines, in which they can provide services in bachelor degree programs in the University of Llanos. Methodological, it was supported by a narrative autobiographical, as a personal construction and as a cultural interpretation, besides some conditions which were created, that carried to the consolidation of the academic experience of each participant in order to identify elements that validate the educational practices and some distinctive features that are necessary such as vocation, reflection, common sense, teaching meaning and co-implication.

Resumo O artigo aborda as reflexões sobre os resultados da primeira fase da pesquisa realizada na Universidade dos Llanos (2015-2016), com formação de professores em pedagogia e em outras disciplinas, que prestam serviços nos programas de Licen ciatura. Metodologicamente, se suportou na narrativa autobiográfica como a construção pessoal e como a interpretação na cultura, pelas quais foram geradas condições que levaram á consolidação de um relato da experiência académica de cada participante, e desde onde foi possível identificar os elementos que validam as suas práticas educativas e que precisam de rasgos distintivos tais como vocação, reflexões, sentido comum, sentido comum, sentido do ensino y co- implicação.

O cuidado com a saúde dos professores por meio do Sociodrama e com o uso de objetos intermediários / Caring for the health of teachers through Sociodrama and the use of intermediate objects / El cuidado de la salud de los maestros a través del sociodrama y del uso de objetos intermedios

O artigo aborda como tratar da saúde do profissional da Educação por meio do Sociodrama e de objetos intermediários. Considerando o sujeito biopsicossocial, em que a saúde não se concentra apenas no físico, ressalta-se o âmbito relacional, por ser de grande influência no cotidiano do trabalhador. Apresenta-se o resultado do estudo com escolas da rede pública de ensino de São Paulo. Foi aplicada uma escala que possibilitou posterior discussão de tópicos considerados importantes, encerrando-se com um objeto intermediário facilitador da interação grupal.

The article discusses how to treat the health of education professionals through Psychodrama and the use of intermediate objects. Considering the subject as a biopsychosocial model where health focuses not only on the physical, but emphasizes the relational context of the individual as a result of the great influence it assumes in the worker's daily life. The word presented is the result of a study at public schools in São Paulo. A questionnaire was carried out that enabled the further discussion of important topics and which ended with the use of an intermediate object that facilitated interaction within the group.

El artículo discute cómo tratar la salud del profesional de la educación a través de objetos intermedios y del sociodrama. Teniendo en cuenta el sujeto biopsicosocial, donde la salud se centra no sólo en lo físico, se destaca el ámbito relacional, que ejerce gran influencia en la vida diaria del maestro. Se presentan los resultados del estudio de las escuelas públicas de São Paulo. Se aplicó una escala que ha permitido mayor discusión de temas que se consideran importantes, concluyendo con un objeto intermedio facilitador de la interacción del grupo.

Grupo operativo com professores do ensino fundamental: integrando o pensar, o sentir e o agir / Operative group with elementary education teachers: integrating thoughts, feelings and action / Grupo operativo con maestros de educación básica: la integración entre pensamiento, sentimiento y acción

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um relato de experiência de coordenação de um grupo operativo realizado com professores do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Em média 25 professores participaram dos encontros grupais, com frequência semanal e duração de uma hora. O grupo era aberto e foi conduzido durante as reuniões de Aula de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo (ATPC). Os resultados mostram que a intervenção grupal é uma estratégia que permitiu abordar as dimensões subjetivas e intersubjetivas dos participantes. Os professores valorizaram a construção de um espaço compartilhado no qual era possível explicitar as dificuldades que se cristalizavam no cotidiano escolar. Foi possível observar que o processo de aprendizagem é altamente favorecido pelo dispositivo grupal, que fortalece a disposição dos participantes para refletirem sobre possíveis condutas alternativas, a serem adotadas diante de problemas e impasses que se apresentavam na trajetória de cada professor.

The aim of this study is to present a report regarding coordination experience from an operative group conducted with elementary school teachers from a public school in a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. On average, 25 teachers participated in the group meetings, with a weekly frequency and duration of one hour. The group was open and conducted during the Collective Pedagogical Work Class meetings. Results show that the group intervention strategy allowed addressing participants' subjective and inter-subjective dimensions. Teachers valued the construction of a shared space where it was possible to explain the difficulties that emerged in everyday school life. It was observed that the group device highly favours the learning process, which strengthens participants' willingness to reflect on possible alternative behaviours, to be adopted in response to issues and dilemmas present on each teacher's trajectory.

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una experiencia de coordinación de un grupo operativo llevado a cabo con los maestros de la educación primaria de una escuela pública en una ciudad en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. En promedio, 25 maestros participaron en las reuniones del grupo, con una frecuencia semanal y duración de una hora. El grupo estaba abierto y se llevó a cabo durante las reuniones de la Clase de Trabajo Pedagógico Colectivo. Los resultados muestran que la estrategia de intervención grupal permitió tratar de las dimensiones subjetivas e inter-subjetivas de los participantes. Los profesores valoran la construcción de un espacio compartido en el que era posible explicar las dificultades que se cristalizaron en el cotidiano escolar. Se observó que el proceso de aprendizaje es altamente favorecido por el dispositivo de grupo, que fortalece la voluntad de los participantes en reflexionar sobre posibles conductas alternativas, a seren adoptadas delante de problemas y dilemas que se presentaron en la trayectoria de cada profesor.

Grupo operativo com professores do ensino fundamental: integrando o pensar, o sentir e o agir / Operative group with elementary education teachers: integrating thoughts, feelings and action / Grupo operativo con maestros de educación básica: la integración entre pensamiento, sentimiento y acción

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um relato de experiência de coordenação de um grupo operativo realizado com professores do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de um município do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Em média 25 professores participaram dos encontros grupais, com frequência semanal e duração de uma hora. O grupo era aberto e foi conduzido durante as reuniões de Aula de Trabalho Pedagógico Coletivo (ATPC). Os resultados mostram que a intervenção grupal é uma estratégia que permitiu abordar as dimensões subjetivas e intersubjetivas dos participantes. Os professores valorizaram a construção de um espaço compartilhado no qual era possível explicitar as dificuldades que se cristalizavam no cotidiano escolar. Foi possível observar que o processo de aprendizagem é altamente favorecido pelo dispositivo grupal, que fortalece a disposição dos participantes para refletirem sobre possíveis condutas alternativas, a serem adotadas diante de problemas e impasses que se apresentavam na trajetória de cada professor.

The aim of this study is to present a report regarding coordination experience from an operative group conducted with elementary school teachers from a public school in a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. On average, 25 teachers participated in the group meetings, with a weekly frequency and duration of one hour. The group was open and conducted during the Collective Pedagogical Work Class meetings. Results show that the group intervention strategy allowed addressing participants' subjective and inter-subjective dimensions. Teachers valued the construction of a shared space where it was possible to explain the difficulties that emerged in everyday school life. It was observed that the group device highly favours the learning process, which strengthens participants' willingness to reflect on possible alternative behaviours, to be adopted in response to issues and dilemmas present on each teacher's trajectory.

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar una experiencia de coordinación de un grupo operativo llevado a cabo con los maestros de la educación primaria de una escuela pública en una ciudad en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. En promedio, 25 maestros participaron en las reuniones del grupo, con una frecuencia semanal y duración de una hora. El grupo estaba abierto y se llevó a cabo durante las reuniones de la Clase de Trabajo Pedagógico Colectivo. Los resultados muestran que la estrategia de intervención grupal permitió tratar de las dimensiones subjetivas e inter-subjetivas de los participantes. Los profesores valoran la construcción de un espacio compartido en el que era posible explicar las dificultades que se cristalizaron en el cotidiano escolar. Se observó que el proceso de aprendizaje es altamente favorecido por el dispositivo de grupo, que fortalece la voluntad de los participantes en reflexionar sobre posibles conductas alternativas, a seren adoptadas delante de problemas y dilemas que se presentaron en la trayectoria de cada profesor.

Understanding Teachers' Responses to Enactments of Sexual and Gender Stigma at School.

Although teachers may be in a position to address enactments of sexual and gender stigma among their students, little is known about their motivations to intervene in such situations. We surveyed secondary school teachers in the Netherlands, assessing how beliefs, norms, and self-efficacy were related to their intentions to intervene in two hypothetical situations that involved bullying of lesbian/gay or gender non-conforming students. We found significantly stronger intentions to intervene among teachers who were more confident in their abilities to intervene successfully and who had stronger beliefs that intervening in the situation would produce a positive outcome.

Estilos de liderança de professores: aplicando o modelo de estilos parentais / Teachers' leadership styles: applying the parental styles' model / Estilos de liderazgo de maestros: aplicando el modelo de estilos parentales

Professores orientam os comportamentos das crianças estabelecendo diferentes climas emocionais no uso das estratégias educativas em sala de aula. Esse trabalho busca delinear uma análise dos estilos de liderança de professores aplicando o modelo de estilos parentais. Inicialmente, foi feita uma análise de literatura realizando uma busca nas bases de dados: Scielo, Science Direct e Scopus, utilizando os descritores: teachers' leadership styles, teachers' teaching styles e school leadership. Com essa busca constatou-se que existem diversas definições, formas de análise e variáveis estudadas, conforme a teoria adotada. Posteriormente, foi realizada a análise da relação professor-aluno aplicando o modelo de estilos parentais, que apresenta uma análise do sistema das relações a partir de duas dimensões: responsividade e exigência. Assim, foram categorizados quatro estilos de liderança: autoritário, permissivo, negligente e participativo. Conclui-se que o modelo de estilo parental fornece uma boa base teórica para pautar a análise dos estilos de liderança de professores.(AU)

Teachers guide children's behavior by establishing different emotional climates in the use of educational strategies in the classroom. This paper seeks to outline an analysis of leadership styles of teachers applying the model of parenting styles. Initially, an analysis of literature by performing a search in the databases: Scielo, Science Direct and Scopus using the key words: teachers' leadership styles, teachers' teaching styles and school leadership. With this search we found that there are several definitions, methods of analysis and variables, as the espoused theory. Subsequently, we performed the analysis of teacher-student relationship by applying the model of parenting styles, which presents an analysis of the system of relationships from two dimensions: responsiveness and demandingness. So were categorized four leadership styles: authoritarian, permissive, neglectful, and authoritative. We conclude that the model of parenting style provides a good theoretical basis to guide the analysis of teachers' leadership styles.(AU)

En lo que a comportamiento se refiere los maestros orientan a los niños estableciendo diferentes climas emocionales según el uso de estrategias educativas en aula. Este trabajo busca perfilar un análisis de los estilos de liderazgo de maestros por medio de la aplicación del modelo de estilos parentales. Inicialmente se hizo un análisis de literatura a partir de una búsqueda en las bases de datos Scielo, Science Direct . Scopus, utilizando las palabras clave teacher's leadership styles. teacher's teaching styles e school leadership. Los resultados permitieron constatar que existen diversas definiciones, métodos de análisis y variables estudiadas, de acuerdo con la teoría adoptada. Posteriormente se realizó el análisis de la relación profesor-alumno aplicando el modelo de estilos parentales que presenta un análisis de sistema de relaciones a partir de dos dimensiones: capacidad de respuesta y exigencia. Se categorizaron cuatro estilos de liderazgo: autoritario, permisivo, negligente y participativo. Se concluye que el modelo de estilo parental constituye buena base teórica para orientar el análisis de los estilos de liderazgo de maestros.(AU)

Estilos de liderança de professores: aplicando o modelo de estilos parentais / Teachers' leadership styles: applying the parental styles' model / Estilos de liderazgo de maestros: aplicando el modelo de estilos parentales

Professores orientam os comportamentos das crianças estabelecendo diferentes climas emocionais no uso das estratégias educativas em sala de aula. Esse trabalho busca delinear uma análise dos estilos de liderança de professores aplicando o modelo de estilos parentais. Inicialmente, foi feita uma análise de literatura realizando uma busca nas bases de dados: Scielo, Science Direct e Scopus, utilizando os descritores: teachers' leadership styles, teachers' teaching styles e school leadership. Com essa busca constatou-se que existem diversas definições, formas de análise e variáveis estudadas, conforme a teoria adotada. Posteriormente, foi realizada a análise da relação professor-aluno aplicando o modelo de estilos parentais, que apresenta uma análise do sistema das relações a partir de duas dimensões: responsividade e exigência. Assim, foram categorizados quatro estilos de liderança: autoritário, permissivo, negligente e participativo. Conclui-se que o modelo de estilo parental fornece uma boa base teórica para pautar a análise dos estilos de liderança de professores.

Teachers guide children's behavior by establishing different emotional climates in the use of educational strategies in the classroom. This paper seeks to outline an analysis of leadership styles of teachers applying the model of parenting styles. Initially, an analysis of literature by performing a search in the databases: Scielo, Science Direct and Scopus using the key words: teachers' leadership styles, teachers' teaching styles and school leadership. With this search we found that there are several definitions, methods of analysis and variables, as the espoused theory. Subsequently, we performed the analysis of teacher-student relationship by applying the model of parenting styles, which presents an analysis of the system of relationships from two dimensions: responsiveness and demandingness. So were categorized four leadership styles: authoritarian, permissive, neglectful, and authoritative. We conclude that the model of parenting style provides a good theoretical basis to guide the analysis of teachers' leadership styles.

En lo que a comportamiento se refiere los maestros orientan a los niños estableciendo diferentes climas emocionales según el uso de estrategias educativas en aula. Este trabajo busca perfilar un análisis de los estilos de liderazgo de maestros por medio de la aplicación del modelo de estilos parentales. Inicialmente se hizo un análisis de literatura a partir de una búsqueda en las bases de datos Scielo, Science Direct . Scopus, utilizando las palabras clave teacher's leadership styles. teacher's teaching styles e school leadership. Los resultados permitieron constatar que existen diversas definiciones, métodos de análisis y variables estudiadas, de acuerdo con la teoría adoptada. Posteriormente se realizó el análisis de la relación profesor-alumno aplicando el modelo de estilos parentales que presenta un análisis de sistema de relaciones a partir de dos dimensiones: capacidad de respuesta y exigencia. Se categorizaron cuatro estilos de liderazgo: autoritario, permisivo, negligente y participativo. Se concluye que el modelo de estilo parental constituye buena base teórica para orientar el análisis de los estilos de liderazgo de maestros.

Estilos motivacionais de professores: preferência por controle ou por autonomia / Teacher’s motivational style:: preference for control or autonomy / Estilos motivacionales de profesores:: preferencia por control o por autonomía

A motivação é fundamental para o envolvimento dos estudantes na escola. Para a teoria da autodeterminação, o estilo motivacional do professor, que pode controlar ou promover a autonomia, contribui para fomentar a ocorrência de tipos qualitativamente diferenciados de motivação. Neste estudo, de natureza exploratória, foram analisadas as interações entre dois professores e seus alunos. A amostra foi composta de acordo com o desempenho de 39 professores na avaliação do estilo motivacional, mediante a aplicação de um instrumento de autorrelato, problemas na escola. Desse total, dois professores, um com estilo motivacional promotor de autonomia e outro com uma orientação para o controle, tiveram suas aulas observadas em sete sessões, com o objetivo de levantar dados para a elaboração de um protocolo que continha categorias de interações. Foram então realizadas outras sete sessões de observação. Os resultados indicaram que, apesar de terem sido encontradas diferenças entre os desempenhos na avaliação do estilo motivacional, os professores interagiram com seus alunos de modo preferencialmente controlador. No entanto, o professor que promovia a autonomia interagiu de modo menos controlador no gerenciamento do tempo destinado para a realização das atividades em classe quando comparado ao professor controlador, além de oferecer feedback informativo. As implicações educacionais dos resultados são analisadas.(AU)

Motivation is essential for the students’ involvement at school. For the self-determination theory, the teacher’s motivational style, either controller or promoter of autonomy, contributes to foster the occurrence of qualitatively differentiated types of motivation. In this study of exploratory nature the interactions among two teachers and their students were observed. The sample was composed according to the score of 39 teachers in the motivational style assessment, by means of the application of a self-report instrument, named problems at school. Out of this total, two teachers, one with an autonomy promoting motivational style and the other one, a control-oriented one, had their classes observed along seven sessions, with the aim of collecting data for the elaboration of a protocol containing interaction categories. Seven other observation sessions were then carried out. The results have indicated that, despite findings of differences between the motivational style assessment performances, the teachers preferably interacted with their students in a controlling manner. However, the autonomy promoter teacher interacted less controllably than the controlling teacher, as regards the management of time reserved for the accomplishment of class activities, as well as offering informative feedback. The educational implications of the results are also discussed.(AU)

La motivación es fundamental para que los estudiantes se involucren en la escuela. Para la Teoría de la Autodeterminación, el estilo motivacional del profesor, controlador o promotor de autonomía, contribuye para fomentar la ocurrencia de tipos cualitativamente diferenciados de motivación. En este estudio, de naturaleza exploratoria, fueron analizadas las interacciones entre dos profesores y sus alumnos. La muestra fue compuesta de acuerdo con el desempeño de 39 profesores en la evaluación del estilo motivacional, mediante la aplicación de un instrumento de auto-relato, Problemas en la Escuela. De este total, dos profesores, uno con estilo motivacional promotor de autonomía y otro con una orientación para el control, tuvieron sus aulas observadas en siete sesiones, con el objetivo de recolectar datos para la elaboración de un protocolo conteniendo categorías de interacciones. Fueron entonces realizadas otras siete sesiones de observación. Los resultados indicaron que, a pesar de haber sido encontradas diferencias entre los desempeños en la evaluación del estilo motivacional, los profesores interactuaron con sus alumnos de modo preferencialmente controlador. No obstante, el profesor promotor de autonomía interactuó de modo menos controlador en el gerenciamiento del tiempo destinado para la realización de las actividades en clase, comparado al profesor controlador, además de oferecer feedback informativo. Las implicaciones educacionales de los resultados son analizadas.(AU)